imager now on CRAN, and a non-linear filtering example

imager is an R package for image processing that’s fairly fast and now quite powerful (if I may say so myself). It wraps a neat C++ library called CImg, by David Tschumperlé (CNRS). It took quite a bit of work, but imager is now on CRAN, so that installing it is as easy as:

install.packages("imager")

Here’s an example of using imager for max-filtering. A max-filter replaces each pixel value with the maximum value of its neighbours. Usually you’d write a loop, but we want to do things the R way (warning: this only works for small neighbourhoods, for reasons that will become obvious).

library(imager)
im <- load.image(system.file('extdata/parrots.png',package='imager'))
nhood <- expand.grid(dx=-2:2,dy=-2:2) #We want to include all pixels in a square 5x5 neighbourhood
im.s <- alply(nhood,1,function(d) imshift(im,d$dx,d$dy))

The result is a list of shifted versions of the image im (there are 5×5 = 25 different shifts, so you can imagine that you wouldn’t want to do this with a 20×20 neighbourhood and a large image!)
Now running a max (or min) filter is just a matter of calling pmax (or pmin):

max.filt <- do.call(pmax,im.s)
min.filt <- do.call(pmin,im.s)

Here’s our max-filtered image:

and here’s the min-filtered one:

programming

imager, image_processing, R

September 17, 2015

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New package for image processing in R

[update: imager is now on CRAN. install via install.packages(“imager”)]

I’ve written a package for image processing in R, with the goal of providing a fast API in R that lets you do things in C++ if you need to. The package is called imager, and it’ on Github.
The whole thing is based on CImg, a very nice C++ library for image processing by David Tschumperlé.

Features:

• Handles images in up to 4 dimensions, meaning you can use it for volumetric/hyperspectral/data or short videos
• Facilities for taking subsets of images, pixel neighbourhoods, etc.
• All the usual image processing stuff (filters, morphology, transformations, interpolation, etc.)
• Easy access to the C++ API via Rcpp

The package is still in an early phase but it can already do a lot of useful things as you’ll see from the documentation.

Example code:

library(imager)
im <- load.image(system.file('extdata/parrots.png',package='imager'))
layout(t(1:3)) 
plot(im,main="Original image")
grad <- grayscale(im) %>% get_gradient("xy")
names(grad) <- paste("Gradient along",c("x","y")) 
l_ply(names(grad),function(n) plot(grad[[n]],main=n))

Visit the website for more information.

programming

imager, image_processing, R

June 5, 2015

14 Comments

Neurostats 2014 Highlights

Last week the Neurostats 2014 workshop took place at the University of Warwick (co-organised by Adam Johansen, Nicolas Chopin, and myself). The goal was to put some neuroscientists and statisticians together to talk about neural data and what to do with it. General impressions:

• The type of Bayesian hierarchical modelling that Andrew Gelman has been advocating for years is starting to see some use in neuroimaging. On the one hand it makes plenty of sense since the data at the level of individual subjects can be cr*p and so one could really use a bit of clever pooling. On the other, imaging data is very high-dimensional, running a Gibbs sampler can take days, and it’s not easy making the data comparable across subjects.
• You have to know your signals. Neural data can be unbelievably complicated and details matter a lot, as Jonathan Victor showed in his talk. A consequence if that if you as a neuroscientist have a data analysis problem, it’s not enough to go see a statistician and ask for advice. If you have EEG data you need to find someone who knows *specifically* about all the traps and pitfalls of EEG, or else someone who’s willing to learn about these things. A consequence is that we should think about training neurostatisticians, the way we already have biostatisticians, econometricians and psychometricians.

There were plenty of interesting talks, but below are some of my personal highlights.

stats

brain_imaging, neuroscience, statistics

September 10, 2014

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Poisson transform – update

Michael Gutmann (University of Helsinki) recently wrote me with some comments on the Poisson transform paper (here). It turns out that the Poisson likelihood we define in the paper is a special case of more general frameworks he has worked on, the most recent being:
M.U. Gutmann and J.Hirayama (2011). Bregman Divergence as General Framework to Estimate Unnormalized Statistical Models,UAI.
available at arxiv.org/abs/1202.3727.

The paper gives a very general (and interesting) framework for estimation using divergences between the empirical distribution of the data and a theoretical model that is not necessarily normalised.
What we call the Poisson transform appears when taking as the generating function for the Bregman divergence. The same choice of Bregman divergence also corresponds to the generalised Kullback-Leibler divergence used in Minka (2005) Divergence measures and message passing. Presumably there are other connections we hadn’t seen either.

Michael also points out the following paper by Mnih & Teh (ICML 2012), who use noise-contrastive learning in a sequential unnormalised model: http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.6426. They ignore normalisation constants, which I wouldn’t recommend as a general strategy (it generally leads to biased estimates). See our paper for a solution that uses semiparametric inference.

Uncategorized

poisson transform, unnormalised inference

July 14, 2014

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Statistical Challenges in Neuroscience

A workshop on statistics and neuroscience, to take place at the University of Warwick, UK, Sept. 3-5 2014. We’ll talk spikes, voxels, pixels, MCMC, and so on.Official call for posters below the fold.

stats

workshop

June 25, 2014

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The Poisson Transform for Unnormalised Statistical Models

Nicolas Chopin has just arxived our manuscript on inference for unnormalised statistical models. An unnormalised statistical model whose likelihood function can be written

where is easy to compute but the normalisation constant is hard. A lot of common models fall into that category, for example Ising models or restricted Boltzmann machines. Not having the normalisation constant makes inference much more difficult.

We show that there is a principled way of treating the missing normalisation constant as just another parameter: effectively, you pretend that your data came from a Poisson process. The normalisation constant becomes a parameter in an augmented likelihood function. We call this mapping the Poisson transform, because it generalises a much older idea called the Multinomial-Poisson transform.

The Poisson transform can be approximated in practice by logistic regression, and we show that this actually corresponds to Guttman & Hyvärinen’s noise-contrastive divergence. Once you have seen the connection, generalising noise-contrastive divergence to non-IID models becomes easy, and we can do inference on unnormalised Markov chains, for example.

One nice thing about the result is that you can use it to turn a relatively exotic spatial Markov chain model into just another logistic regression. See the manuscript for details.

stats

machine learning, statistics

June 12, 2014

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Fast matrix computations for functional additive models

I have just arxiv’ed a new manuscript on speeding up computation for functional additive models such as functional ANOVA. A functional additive model is essentially a model says that a = b + c, where a, b and c are functions. It is a useful model when we want to express things like: I have three curves and I expect them to be related.

linear algebra, optimisation, stats

Functional Data Analysis

February 25, 2014

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